Aim: to compare conventional hand NiTi file with one rotary and one reciprocating file system for dentinal crack formation. Materials and method: A total of 75 extracted human mandibular premolars with mature apices and straight root canals (<5°) were selected. The teeth were divided into three groups of 25 teeth each. Group 1: hand NiTi files used for instrumentation. Group 2: Protaper next rotary file system used for instrumentation. Group 3: WaveOne file system used for instrumentation. Roots were then sectioned 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex, and the cut surface was observed under a stereomicroscope. Results: Hand NiTi group showed no cracks formation. ProTaper Next, and WaveOne used in the study showed no statistical difference among themselves. Conclusion: Both rotary and reciprocating files created dentinal crack formation. While as hand files presented with satisfactory results with no dentinal microcracks