There have been rapid changes and developments in materials and techniques used in dentistry over the past decade than in the previous hundred years combined, and the pace is accelerating in every day.

Dental caries, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in human population worldwide, individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime. Dental caries forms through a complex interaction over time between acid–producing bacteria and fermentable carbohydrate, and many host factors including teeth and saliva. The disease develops in both the crown and root structure of teeth, and it can arise in early childhood as an aggressive tooth decay that affects the primary teeth of infants and toddlers. Risk for caries includes physical, biological, environmental, behavioural, and lifestyle–related factors such as high numbers of cariogenic bacteria, inadequate salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, poor oral hygiene, inappropriate methods of feeding infants, and poverty.