The correct number of human chromosomes have discovered in 1956. After that the field of cytogenetics had developed, from the initial conventional banding to the presently used molecular array Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (aCGH) techniques. Cytogenetics is crucial tool for the diagnosis of the structure and numerical changes of chromosomes. The cytogenetic test is detect most of the chromosomal abnormalities. The aim of this review to provides a brief account of the history and evolution of human cytogenetics technique in India. This article also highlights the significance of cytogenetic techniques and its role in the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders in human.