Background: Thrombocytopenia is a common clinical problem, found in laboratory results during health examinations. Thrombocytopenia is deficiency of platelets in the blood. Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis and coagulation of blood. The normal platelet count in adult ranges from 150,000 to 450,000/µL. Reduction in platelet number and/or abnormality in platelet function  constitutes an important cause of generalized bleeding. Spontaneous bleeding does not become evident until platelet count falls below 20,000 platelets/µL.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 100 patients who presented with persistent thrombocytopenia for more than two weeks and was done in Tertiary care hospital. Complete clinical details were recorded. Routine haematological investigations like Complete blood count (CBC) were performed using automated cell counter. Detailed peripheral blood examination (PBF) was done after staining the blood film with May–Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) stain. The bone marrow examination was done in every case and findings were recorded.

Results: A total of 100 cases were included in our study and categorized into neoplastic and non–neoplastic. The most common neoplastic condition were acute leukemia. The most common non–neoplastic conditions were Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura followed by megaloblastic anemia. Age distribution of patient varied over a wide range from newborn to 85years of age.

Conclusion: We concluded that thrombocytopenia per se is not a disease but it is an entity which can be seen in a number of clinical problems including neoplastic and non neoplastic diseases. No single investigation can help us to reach the final diagnosis but we require relevant clinical details and a set of investigations to reach the root cause of thrombocytopenia.