Aim: To compare the effect of scaling and root planing on the serum ratio of leptin to adiponectin in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Study involved 45 subjects – Group I: 15 periodontally and systemically healthy subjects, Group II: 15 moderate to severe chronic periodontitis subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus, Group III: 15 moderate to severe chronic periodontitis subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus having HbA1c levels <7%. After blood collection, periodontal parameters like plaque index, modified gingival index, pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline. Scaling and root planing was performed on Group II and Group III subjects. Periodontal parameters and serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were estimated on 45th day after scaling and root planing. Results: At baseline the periodontal parameters like plaque index, modified gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and leptin/adiponectin ratio were statistically significant between the groups. On 45th day, after scaling and root planing, both Group II and Group III showed a statistically significant change in periodontal parameters and serum ratio of leptin/ adiponectin. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that leptin and adiponectin could serve as a potential biomarkers for periodontitis.