The maxillary sinus pneumatization secondary to loss of maxillary posterior teeth is a common finding. Significant atrophy of the maxilla makes implant placement a challenging clinical situation. Grafting the floor of the maxillary sinus has proven to be the most successful surgical modality for correcting this inadequacy. Various grafting materials and techniques are be used for the purpose of maxillary sinus augmentation. The aim of this article is to review the essentials of maxillary sinus anatomy and describe the augmentation materials, techniques, and complications.