Antiretroviral (ARV) toxicity is an increasingly important issue in the management of HIV–infected patients. With the sustained declines in opportunistic complications, HIV infection is a more chronic disease, and so more drugs are being used in patients for longer periods. However, prolonged treatment with ARVs can be difficult to sustain because of problems with adherence and toxic effects. All ARVs have both short–term and long–term adverse events. The risk of specific side effects varies from drug to drug, from class to class, and from patient to patient. A better understanding of the adverse effects of ARVs is of interest not only for HIV specialists as they try to optimize therapy, but also for other physicians who care for HIV–positive patients